Meridians converge from their maximum distance apart (at the equator) to the poles where they meet.

Great circles are the shortest distance between two points and convergency represents the change in direction experienced between those points.

By using the formula: Range (nm) = 1.23(√H1 + √H2)

H1=height of transmitter (feet)

H2=height of receiver (feet)

Hydraulic system A and hydraulic system B.

Minimum decent altitude (non-precision), the lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level to which descent is authorised on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glideslope is provided.

If not visual between MDA and MAPt, a Go-around must be initiated.

V1 is the decision speed (sometimes referred to as critical engine speed or critical engine failure speed) by which any decision to reject a takeoff must be made.

V2 is the takeoff safety speed which must be attained at the 35 ft height at the end of the required runway distance. This is essentially the best one-engine inoperative angle of climb speed for the airplane and is a minimum speed for flight in that condition until at least 400 ft above the ground. V2 shall be at least 1.1 times VMCA, and no less than 1.2 times VS.

Vr is defined as the speed at which the rotation of the aircraft should be initiated to takeoff attitude.

VMCA is the minimum control speed in the air and is defined as the minimum speed, whilst in the air, that directional control can be maintained with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine aerolanes), operating engine(s) at takeoff power and a maximum of 5 degrees of bank towards the good engine(s).

VMCG is the minimum control speed on the ground and is defined as the minimum speed, whilst on the ground, that directional control can be maintained, using only aerodynamic controls, with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine airplanes) and takeoff power applied on the other engine(s).

Yes, the closer the C.G. is to the rear limit, the less tail down force is required, which means less drag which results in less fuel burn.

No, tropopause at the pole is lower (30.000ft) than at the equator (56.000ft)

Frequency range from 200-1750kHz, medium and low range frequency bands.

A moving stabilator allows for wider operating range of the control surface, which is of great importance in aircraft with a large range of operating speeds.

Compared to a fixed horizontal stabilizer, when trimmed, the moving stabilitor will produce less drag, reducing fuel consumption.

Yes, VMCG has to be equal to or less than V1 to ensure the aircraft could maintain runway heading having suffered an engine failure at or above V1 when the aircraft is committed to takeoff.